MANAJEMEN LABA, KEPEMILIKAN INSTITUSIONAL DAN PENGHINDARAN PAJAK: STUDI EMPIRIS PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of earning management and institutional ownerships on tax avoidance. This study defines tax avoidance broadly as any activity that reduces explicit taxes. The population is manufacturing sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) period 2012-2017. Sampling method is used purposive sampling and obtained as much as 10 samples and 180 observations. As in the prior studies, also the results of this thesis are partly contradictory. We found portion of the institutional ownership affect net interest margin negatively. We find weak evidence that the earning management is related to the corporate tax avoidance. It is recommended that empirical studies should be undertaken in the same field to find out what more internal factors could tax avoidance in Indonesia.References
Appel, I. R., Gormley, T. A., & Keim, D. B.
(2016). Passive investors, not passive
owners. Journal of Financial Economics,
(1), 111-141.
Badertscher, B. A., Phillips, J. D., Pincus, M., &
Rego, S. O. (2006). Tax implications of
earnings management activities:
Evidence from restatements. SSRN
eLibrary. Available at
http://ssrn.com/abstract¼261277.
Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometrics (4th ed.).
Springer.
Bird, A. a. (2017). Governance and Taxes:
Evidence from Regression Discontinuity.
The Accounting Review, 92, 29-50.
Bozec, Y., & Bozec, R. (2007, September).
Ownership Concentration and Corporate
Governance Practices: Substitution or
Expropriation Effects? Canadian Journal
of Administrative Sciences, 24(3).
Brav, A., Jiang, W., Thomas, R. S., & Partnoy, F.
(2008). Hedge fund activism, corporate
governance, and firm performance.
Journal of Finance, 63, 1729–1775.
Brooks, C. (2008). Introductory Econometrics for
Finance (2nd ed.). Cambridge University
Press.
Chen, S., Chen, X., Cheng, Q., & Shevlin, T.
(2010). Are family firms more tax
aggressive than non-family firms?
Journal of Financial Economics, 95(1),
-51.
Chen, S., YingHuang, Li, N., & Shevlin, T. (2019,
April-May). Quasi-indexer ownership
and corporate tax planning. Journal of
Accounting and Economics(2-3), 278-
Chung, R., Firth, M., & Kim, J.-B. (2002).
Institutional monitoring and opportunistic
earnings management. Journal of
Corporate Finance, 8(1), 29-48.
Cook, K. A., Huston, G. R., & Omer, T. C. (2008).
Earnings Management through Effective
Tax Rates: The Effects of Tax-Planning
Investment and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
of 2002. Contemporary Accounting
Research, 25(2), 447-471.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research:
Planning, conducting and evaluating
quantitative and qualititative research
(4th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design:
Qualitative, Quantitative, & Mixed
Methods Approaches (4th ed.). London:
Sage Publications, Ltd.
Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., & Sweeney, A. P.
(1995, April). Detecting Earnings
Management. The Accounting Review,
, 193–193, 70(2), 193-225.
Demsetz, H., & Lehn, K. (1985, December). The
Structure of Corporate Ownership:
Causes and Consequences. Journal of
Political Economy, 93(6), 1155.
Desai, M. A., & Dharmapala, D. (2006).
Corporate tax avoidance and highpowered incentives. Review of Economics
& Statistics, 91, 537–546.
Dhaliwal, D. S., Gleason, C. A., & Mills, L. F.
(2004). Last-chance earnings
management: Using the tax expense to
meet analysts' forecasts. Contemporary
Accounting Research, 21(2).
Diri, M. E. (2018). Introduction to Earnings
Management. Switzerland: Springer
International Publishing AG.
Dirjen Anggaran. (2019). APBN untuk
mendorong investasi dan daya saing
melalui pembangunan sumber daya
manusia. Informasi APBN 2019.
Kementerian Keuangan RI.
Dunbar, A., Higgins, D. M., Phillips, J. D., &
Plesko, G. A. (2010). What do measures
of tax aggressiveness measure? 103rd
Annual Conference on Taxation (pp. 18-
. National Tax Association.
Eilifsen, A., Knivsfla, K. H., & Saettem, F.
(1999). Earnings manipulation: Cost of
capital versus tax. The European
Accounting Review, 8(3), 481–491.
Fernández-Rodríguez, E., García-Fernández, R.,
& Martínez-Arias, A. (2019). Influence
of Ownership Structure on the
Determinants of Effective Tax Rates of
Spanish Companies. Suistainability, 11,
Frank, M. M., Lynch, L. J., & Rego, S. (2009).
Tax Reporting Aggesiveness and its
Relation to Aggesiveness Financial
Reporting. The Accounting Review,
(2), 467-498.
Frischmann, P. J., Shevlin, T., & Wilson, R.
(2008). Economic Consequences of
Increasing the Conformity in Accounting
for Uncertain Tax Benefits. Journal of
Accounting & Economics, 46(2-3), 261-
Gupta, S., & Newberry, K. (1997). Determinants
of the variability in corporate effective tax
rates: Evidence from longitudinal data.
Journal of Accounting & Public Policy,
(1), 1-34.
Hanlon, M., & Heitzman, S. (2010). A Review of
Tax Research. Journal of Accounting and
Economics, 50, 127-178.
Hasan, I., Kim, I., Teng, H., & Wu, Q. (2016,
August 17). The effect of foreign
institutional ownership on corporate tax
avoidance: International evidence.
Research Discussion Paper. Bank of
Finland.
Healy, P. M., & Wahlen, J. M. (1999). A review
of the earnings management literature and
its implications for standard setting.
Accounting Horizons, 13, 365–383.
Hou, X., Wang, Q., & Li, C. (2015). Role of offbalance sheet operations on bank scale
economies: Evidence from China's
banking sector. Emerging Markets
Review, 22, 140-153.
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory
of the firm: Managerial behaviour :
Agency cost and ownership structure.
Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305-
Joher, H., Ali, M., & Nazrul, M. (2006). The
Impact of Ownership Structure on
Corporate Debt Policy: Two Stage Least
Square Simulteneous Model Approach
for Post Crisis Period: Evidence from
Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange.
International Business and Economics
Research Journal, 5(5), 51-64.
Khan, M., Srinivasan, S., & Tan, L. (2017).
Institutional ownership and corporate tax
avoidance: New evidence. Accounting
Review, 92, 101-122.
Khurana, I. K., & Moser, W. J. (2013).
Institutional shareholders’ investment
horizons and tax avoidance. American
Accounting Association, 35, 111–134.
Kiesewetter, D., & Manthey, J. (2017). The
relationship between corporate
governance and tax avoidance - evidence
from Germany using a regression
discontinuity design. arqus Discussion
Paper, No. 218. Berlin: Arbeitskreis
Quantitative Steuerlehre (arqus).
Koh, P.-S. (2003). On the association between
institutional ownership and aggressive
corporate earnings management in
Australia. British Accounting Review,
(2), 105–128.
Lanis, R., & Richardson, G. (2012). Corporate
social responsibility and tax
aggressiveness: a test of legitimacy
theory. Accounting, Auditing &
Accountability Journal, 26(1), 75-100.
Lanis, R., & Richardson., G. (2011). Corporate
Social Responsibility and Tax
Aggresiveness: An Empirical Analysis.
Journal Accounting & Public Policy, 31,
-108.
Leipälä, A. (2017). Do institutional shareholders
impact corporate tax avoidance? Thesis of
Master’s degree. Aalto University School
of Bussiness.
Lietz, G. (2013). Determinants and Consequences
of Corporate Tax Avoidance. Working
Paper, 1-64. University of Münster.
Lietz, G. M. (2013). Tax Avoidance vs. Tax
Aggressiveness: A Unifying Conceptual
Framework. Working Paper. University
of Munster.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (2013). The
Constructivist Credo. Walnut Creek: Left
Coast Press, Inc.
Lisowsky, P. (2010). Seeking Shelter:
Empirically Modeling Tax Shelters Using
Financial Statement Information. The
Accounting Review, 85, 1693-1720.
Maydew, E. L. (1997). Tax-induced earnings
management by firms with net operating
losses. Journal of Accounting Research,
(1), 83–96.
Neuman, W. L. (2007). Basic of Social Research:
Qualitative & Quantitative Approaches
(2nd ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.
Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods:
Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
(7th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education
Limited.
Oh, W., Chang, Y., & Martynov, A. (2011). The
Effect of Ownership Structure on
Corporate Social Responsibility:
Empirical Evidence from Korea. Journal
of Business Ethics, 104(2), 283-297.
Phillips, J. D., Pincus, M., & Rego, S. O. (2003).
Earnings management: New Evidence
based on deferred tax expense. The
Accounting Review, 78, 491–521.
Porcano, T. M. (1986). Corporate Tax Rate:
Progressive. Proportional, Regressive.
Journal of The American Tax
Association, 8, 17-31.
Porta, R. L., Silanes, F. L., & Shleifer, A. (1999).
Corporate Ownership Around the World.
Journal of Finance, LIV(2), 471-517.
Pound, J. (1988, January-March). Proxy Contest
and The Efficiency of Shareholder
Oversight. Journal of Financial
Economics, 20, 237-265.
Ronen, J., & Yaari, V. (2008). Earning
Management: Emerging Insights in
Theory, Practice, and Research. New
York: Springer.
Schipper, K. (1989). COMMENTARY on
earnings management. Accounting
Horizons, 3(4), 91.
Scholes, M. S., Wolfson, M. A., Erickson, M. M.,
Hanlon, M. L., Maydew, E. L., & Shevlin,
T. J. (2016). Taxes & Business Strategy
(Fifth ed.). Pearson.
Scott, W. R. (2003). Financial Accounting Theory
(Fifth ed.). Pearson-Prentice Hall.
Shevlin, T. (1987, July). Taxes and Off-BalanceSheet Financing: Research and
Development Limited Partnerships. The
Accounting Review, 62(3), 480-509.
Shipper, K. (1989). Accounting Horizons. 3(4),
Slemrod, J. (2014). The economics of corporate
tax selfishness. National Tax Journal,
(4), 877-899.
Stickney, C. P., & McGee, V. E. (1982). Effective
Corporate Tax Rate: The Effect of Size,
Capital Intensity, Leverage and Other
Factor. Journal of Accounting and Public
Policy, 1(2), 125-152.
Taylor, G., Richardson, G., & Lanis, R. (2015).
Multinationality, Tax Havens, Intangible
Assets, and Transfer Pricing
Aggresiveness: An Empirical Analysis.
Jornal of International Accounting
Research, 14, 25-57.
Ullah, A. (2004). Finite Sample Econometrics:
Advance Text in Econometrics (1st ed.).
New York: Oxford University Press.
Wolk, H. I., & Tearney, M. G. (1997). Accounting
Theory: A Conceptual and Institutional
Approach (4th ed.). Cincinnati: South
Western College Publishing.
Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Introductory
Econometrics: A Modern Approach (2nd
ed.). South-Western.
Zimmerman, J. L. (1983). Taxes and Firm Size.
Journal of Accounting & Economics,
(2), 119-149.